2010 Chemicals Fixed Costs Pharmaceuticals 
Harvard Business Review
AUGUST 17, 2012
That may be true, but then the firms that do carry out the R&D are also dominant in their developed domestic markets, where their margins can absorb the fixed costs of R&D and there's nothing to stop them from competing on a cost basis in Africa, particularly given the low production costs of most drugs.
Harvard Business Review
FEBRUARY 24, 2015
A 2010 meta-analysis detailed many of the different issues that make divestiture so hard to evaluate consistently. For example, after its spin-off from International Paper, Arizona Chemical drastically changed its market approach from a drive for volume to margin optimization.
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