Harvard Business Review

SEPTEMBER 9, 2015

The bullwhip effect is the amplified response to demand signals as one moves “upstream” in the supply chain: from retailers to manufacturers to suppliers to commodity providers. Here’s a hypothetical illustration of the bullwhip effect: A retailer might experience an X% drop in sales owing to some external event.

Supply Chain 8

Supply Chain Retail Crisis Operations 8

Harvard Business Review

FEBRUARY 22, 2011

Wired reported late last year, "The top 10 Web sites accounted for 31% of US page views in 2001, 40% in 2006, and 75% in 2010." As each of these companies expands its fixed-cost infrastructure, profits grow geometrically because the additional variable cost of adding each new user is near zero. These are tech companies.

CPA 15

CPA CPM Advertising Disintermediation 15

Harvard Business Review

JANUARY 5, 2017

” During the volcanic ash crisis of 2010, what it offered wasn’t prize-winning stories about the roots of the eruption or its health implications, but an app (Hitchhiker’s Central) that allowed readers to share travel plans and offer rides to each other. Fixed costs have always been central to the economics of media.

Media 12

Media Advertising Fixed Costs Content 12