CIO COO Cost Center Management 
Harvard Business Review
SEPTEMBER 13, 2012
An impatient marketing or finance manager would, on the sly, secure some extra budget money and hire a contractor to build a little database that tracked mailing addresses or top-line financials. Slowly but surely, as the little database grew bigger and bigger, the manager would wedge the cost into her operating budget.
Harvard Business Review
JANUARY 16, 2015
Our understanding of how organizations think and act doesn’t always make this distinction between the interests of the enterprise and its managers. CEO, President, COO (Top Dogs): These highest order decision makers are the big picture thinkers. In other words, addressing the downside is more important than touting the upside.
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