Cost Center Development Finance Planning 
Harvard Business Review
SEPTEMBER 13, 2012
An impatient marketing or finance manager would, on the sly, secure some extra budget money and hire a contractor to build a little database that tracked mailing addresses or top-line financials. Slowly but surely, as the little database grew bigger and bigger, the manager would wedge the cost into her operating budget.
Harvard Business Review
FEBRUARY 8, 2018
Client-server technology begat enterprise resource planning systems, and the consequent system-wide visibility that was required for what we call business process management (BPM). The team of 20 people represented technology, infrastructure, production operations, development and information security parts of the business.
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