article thumbnail

A Company Without Job Titles Will Still Have Hierarchies

Harvard Business Review

The term “holarchy” made its debut in Ghost in the Machine , a analysis of the human brain and its failings penned by Arthur Koestler in 1967. Status even surpasses education and income, two factors that usually determine how healthy an individual can be throughout their life. Think of it as management operating system 3.0.

article thumbnail

Why Peter Drucker’s Writing Still Feels So Relevant

Harvard Business Review

Hungarian author (and Drucker contemporary) Arthur Koestler considered this competence the true source of creativity. For one thing, he was a citizen of the world. Drucker himself lived in Austria, Germany, England, and eventually the United States. Personalities such as Drucker and Borges seemed to have encyclopedic memories.