Development Management Market Penetration Operations 
Harvard Business Review
MARCH 31, 2016
Studying these successes and failures, we’ve identified half a dozen key reasons platforms fail, all of which boil down to managers’ misunderstanding of how platforms operate and compete. Steve Jobs failed miserably at managing openness at Apple in the 1980s. Failure to engage developers.
Harvard Business Review
SEPTEMBER 9, 2015
After some investigating, they discovered that their fragmented, geographically dispersed matrix structure made it very difficult for the program managers to coordinate efforts across functions, keep everyone focused on the cost and delivery goals, and get people to reach consensus. Senior management knew this was an issue.
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